{"id":691,"date":"2025-05-09T08:39:06","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T08:39:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/headacheproject.eu\/?p=691"},"modified":"2026-10-08T21:50:36","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T18:50:36","slug":"understanding-bruxism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/headacheproject.eu\/el\/understanding-bruxism\/","title":{"rendered":"\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Definition and prevalence<\/h2>\n

Bruxism is oral behavior characterized by involuntary clenching or grinding of the teeth. In epidemiological terms, it affects between 9% and 48% of the population. This wide variation is due to the difficulty of establishing a firm consensus on diagnostic criteria, not least because it is primarily a behavior, often assessed through clinical observations or self-report.<\/p>\n

Bruxism involves tension in the mouth, such as clenching or grinding your teeth in your life. Tooth grinding, especially at night, is one cause of bruxism, but it’s not the only one: tooth clenching (teeth \u201csticking together\u201d without any associated noise) and tension felt in the jaw muscles, masseter or tongue are also part of bruxism.<\/p>\n

Good to know:<\/strong> The resting position of the jaw is as follows: a slight gap between the upper and lower teeth, the tongue is positioned on the puck (on the so-called \u201crough\u201d part) behind the incisors, the lips are pressed together, and the shoulder position is relaxed. Example: this is exactly the same position as if you wanted to blow a light stream of air to cool your soup that’s a little too hot.<\/p>\n

The jaw is a suspended joint. This means that human beings are not supposed to have any tension in this part of the body. However, tension can occur as a result of specific uses, such as chewing or speaking.<\/p>\n

Are you wondering how serious this is? Not at all! It’s a normal physiological reaction that the brain sets in motion when it feels attacked. Stress is a particularly sensitive aggressor for the brain.<\/p>\n

If you want to reduce your bruxism, pain or tooth wear, you’ll have to try to work on the \u201cstress\u201d component that’s present to reduce it as much as possible!<\/p>\n

Unlike the better-defined temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), which affect around 15% of the population, with a higher prevalence in women, bruxism is more difficult to pin down and varies according to context (behavioral, biological, psychosocial).<\/p>\n

Types of Bruxism<\/h2>\n

Bruxism falls into two main categories:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Awake Bruxism:<\/strong> when it occurs during the day, often in response to stress or concentration.<\/li>\n
  • Sleep bruxism:<\/strong> occurs during the night, sometimes signaled by the partner because of the noise generated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    There are also four specific forms of bruxism:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Clenching:<\/strong> strong, often involuntary tooth contact.<\/li>\n
    • Grinding:<\/strong> mainly observed at night, often audible.<\/li>\n
    • Bracing:<\/strong> muscular tension without dental contact, typical of moments of stress.<\/li>\n
    • Thrusting:<\/strong> jaw movements without dental contact, often observed in the elderly or under certain drug treatments (muscle relaxants, antidepressants).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Risk factor or behavior?<\/h2>\n

      Bruxism oscillates between a simple behavior and a pathological disorder, depending on its context. In children, for example, it can be considered a normal physiological process linked to growth, while in adults it can become a risk factor if associated with dental pain, dysfunction or wear.<\/p>\n

      It can even be seen as a protective factor. Indeed, current studies are exploring the possibility that bruxism may be beneficial for certain pathologies, such as sleep apnea, by increasing airway permeability.<\/p>\n

      Paradigm evolution: a more nuanced view<\/h2>\n

      The interpretation of bruxism has evolved. Previously seen solely as a \u201cbad boy\u201d – a harmful behavior – it is now seen as more complex. The key is to understand the timing and context in which it occurs. Daytime bruxism, for example, can be beneficial in the short term by improving concentration, but becomes problematic if it persists for too long. Nocturnal bruxism in children is often considered normal and beneficial.<\/p>\n

      Causes and comorbidities<\/h2>\n

      Bruxism is mainly of central origin, i.e. the brain is the starting point. A distinction is made between:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Psychological causes:<\/strong> stress, negative emotions or unmanageable life phases are often triggers, particularly for waking bruxism.<\/li>\n
      • Biological causes:<\/strong> genetic or neurochemical factors, or sleep disorders such as obstructive apnea, can also be at the root of bruxism.<\/li>\n
      • Social causes:<\/strong> alcohol, tobacco, drugs, caffeine and certain medications (sleeping pills, antidepressants) are often involved.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Dental interference was long thought to be a cause of bruxism, but this theory has been dismissed by recent research. Bruxism is now seen as a behavior linked more to psychosocial than dental factors.<\/p>\n

        Clinical consequences<\/h2>\n

        The consequences of bruxism can range from mild to severe:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Dental:<\/strong> wear, fractures, pain and loss of implants.<\/li>\n
        • Periodontal:<\/strong> gingival recession, bone loss and tooth mobility.<\/li>\n
        • Morphological:<\/strong> masseter hypertrophy, bony exostoses, tongue indentations.<\/li>\n
        • Muscular and articular:<\/strong> intermittent pain and locking, particularly on awakening.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Assessment and diagnosis<\/h2>\n

          Assessment of bruxism is based primarily on a detailed history, focusing on the patient’s habits and potential risk factors (gastro-oesophageal reflux, sleep disorders, psychoactive substances). Intra-oral and extra-oral examinations detect associated clinical signs. Tools such as the STAB (Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism) or the Bruxscreen can also be used to simplify the practitioner’s assessment.<\/p>\n

          Therapeutic approaches<\/h2>\n

          Awake Bruxism<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Awake bruxism is often unconscious and involuntary, making awareness crucial to treatment. The approach relies on patient education and de-dramatization, often through cognitive-behavioral therapies such as biofeedback or apps like BruxApp.<\/p>\n

          Sleep bruxism<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Patients with nocturnal bruxism benefit from techniques designed to improve sleep quality. The more time a patient spends in deep sleep, the less likely they are to grind their teeth. Devices such as aligners can protect teeth, although they do not prevent bruxism per se.<\/p>\n

          More invasive treatments such as botox can be used to alleviate muscle pain, but they do not alter bruxing behavior. Certain drugs, such as clonazepam, can be prescribed, although they present risks of dependence or aggravation of sleep apnea.<\/p>\n

          Conclusion: a double-edged sword<\/h2>\n

          Bruxism, though often viewed negatively, can be seen in a new light. Depending on the context, it can be beneficial, neutral or problematic. The aim of bruxism management is to adapt treatments to the patient’s specific needs, while considering bruxism as a continuum of muscular tension, which can vary in intensity depending on internal and external factors. Education and management of risk factors are essential to prevent bruxism from becoming pathological.<\/p>\n

          Key message:<\/strong> Bruxism should not be systematically considered as a disorder, but as a sign or symptom of muscular and behavioral balance, to be monitored and managed according to its manifestations.<\/p>\n<\/article>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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